閥門是流體輸送系統(tǒng)中的控制部件，是通過改變其流通面積的大小控制流體流量、壓力和流向的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品。一、 閥門的分類：

　　Valves are control components in fluid delivery systems, which are mechanical products that control fluid flow, pressure, and direction by changing the size of their flow area. 1、 Classification of valves:

　　閥門種類很多，且有很多種分類方法：下面按用途分類、按壓力分類、按介質(zhì)的工作溫度分類、按操作方式分類、通用分類法進(jìn)行介紹；

　　There are many types of valves, and there are many classification methods: classification by purpose, classification by pressure, classification by working temperature of medium, classification by operation mode, and general classification method are introduced below;

　　(一)、按用途分類：

　　（1） Classified by purpose:

　?。?）截?cái)嚅y類：主要用于截?cái)嗪蛯?dǎo)通介質(zhì)流。該類閥門包括：閘閥、截止閥、隔膜閥、旋塞閥、球閥、蝶閥等。

　　(1) Block valve class: mainly used for cutting off and conducting medium flow. This type of valve includes gate valves, globe valves, diaphragm valves, plug valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, etc.

　?。?）調(diào)節(jié)閥類：主要用于調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)的流量、壓力，包括調(diào)節(jié)閥、節(jié)流閥、減壓閥等。

　　(2) Regulating valves: mainly used to regulate the flow and pressure of media, including regulating valves, throttle valves, pressure reducing valves, etc.

　?。?）止回閥類：主要用于防止介質(zhì)的倒流，包括各種結(jié)構(gòu)的止回閥。

　　(3) Check valves: mainly used to prevent the backflow of media, including various structures of check valves.

　?。?）分流閥類：用于分配、分離或混合介質(zhì)，包括各種結(jié)構(gòu)的分配閥，疏水閥等。

　　(4) Diverter valves: used for distributing, separating, or mixing media, including various structures of distribution valves, drain valves, etc.

　　(5) 安全閥類：用于系統(tǒng)超壓安全保護(hù)，包括各種類型的安全閥。

　　(5) Safety valves: used for system overpressure safety protection, including various types of safety valves.

　　(二)、按壓力分類：

　?。?） Classified by pressure:

　　（1） 低壓閥門：公稱壓力 PN≤1.6Mpa

　　(1) Low pressure valve: nominal pressure PN ≤ 1.6Mpa

　?。?） 中壓閥門：公稱壓力 1.6 Mpa＜PN≤6.4Mpa

　　(2) Medium pressure valve: nominal pressure 1.6 Mpa ＜ PN ≤ 6.4Mpa

　?。?） 高壓閥門：公稱壓力 6.4 Mpa＜PN≤100 Mpa

　　(3) High pressure valve: nominal pressure 6.4 Mpa ＜ PN ≤ 100 Mpa

　?。?） 超高壓閥門：公稱壓力 PN≥100Mpa

　　(4) Ultra high pressure valve: nominal pressure PN ≥ 100Mpa

　　(三)、按介質(zhì)的工作溫度分類：

　?。?） Classified by the working temperature of the medium:

　　（1） 常溫閥門：-40℃≤t≤120℃

　　(1) Normal temperature valve: -40 ℃ ≤ t ≤ 120 ℃

　　（2）中溫閥門：120℃≤t≤450℃

　　(2) Medium temperature valve: 120 ℃ ≤ t ≤ 450 ℃

　?。?）高溫閥門：t≥450℃

　　(3) High temperature valve: t ≥ 450 ℃

　?。?）低溫閥門：-100℃≤t≤-40℃

　　(4) Low temperature valve: -100 ℃ ≤ t ≤ -40 ℃

　　（5）超低溫閥門：t≤-100℃

　　(5) Ultra low temperature valve: t ≤ -100 ℃

　　(四)、按操作方式分類：

　?。?） Classified by operation method:

　　分為手動(dòng)、氣動(dòng)、液動(dòng)、電動(dòng)等閥門。

　　Divided into manual, pneumatic, hydraulic, electric and other valves.

　　(五)、通用分類法：

　?。?） General classification system:

　　這種分類方法既按工作原理和用途分，又按結(jié)構(gòu)劃分，是目前常用的分類方法，一般分為：閘閥、截止閥、節(jié)流閥、球閥、蝶閥、隔膜閥、旋塞閥、止回閥、安全閥、自力式調(diào)壓閥、疏水閥等。

　　This classification method is commonly used based on both working principle and purpose, as well as structure. It is generally divided into gate valves, globe valves, throttle valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, diaphragm valves, plug valves, check valves, safety valves, self operated pressure regulating valves, drain valves, etc.

　　二、 閥門型號的編制方法：

　　2、 Method for preparing valve models:

　　按閥門型號編制方法，閥門型號分七個(gè)單元：

　　According to the method of valve model designation, valve models are divided into seven units:

　　第一單元表示類型，稱為類型代號，用漢語拼音字母表示：

　　The first unit represents the type, called the type code, which is represented by Chinese Pinyin letters:

　　第二單元表示傳動(dòng)方式，稱為傳動(dòng)方式代號，用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示

　　The second unit represents the transmission mode, called the transmission mode code, represented by Arabic numerals

　　第三單元為連接形式代號，表示閥門與管道或設(shè)備接口連接方式，用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示

　　The third unit is the connection form code, which indicates the connection method between the valve and the pipeline or equipment interface, represented by Arabic numerals

　　第四單元表示閥門的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，稱為結(jié)構(gòu)形式代號，用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示。由于閥門類型較多，故其結(jié)構(gòu)形式按閥門的種類分別表示，同一阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，對于不同類型的閥門所表示的意義不相同。

　　The fourth unit represents the structural form of the valve, called the structural form code, represented by Arabic numerals. Due to the variety of valve types, their structural forms are represented separately according to the type of valve. The same Arabic numeral has different meanings for different types of valves.

　　第五單元表示閥門閥座的密封面材料或襯里閥的襯里材料，其代號用拼音字母表示

　　The fifth unit represents the sealing surface material of the valve seat or the lining material of the lining valve, and its code is represented by pinyin letters

　　第六單元 表示閥門的公稱壓力數(shù)值

　　The sixth unit represents the nominal pressure value of the valve

　　第七單元 表示閥體材料，稱為閥體材料代號，用漢語拼音字母表示

　　The seventh unit represents the valve body material, which is called the valve body material code and is represented by Chinese Pinyin letters

　　三、 常用閥門的結(jié)構(gòu)特征及其應(yīng)用：

　　3、 Structural characteristics and applications of commonly used valves:

　　(一)、閘 閥：

　?。?） Gate valve:

　　閘閥是指啟閉體(閘板)由閥桿帶動(dòng)，沿閥座密封面作升降運(yùn)行的閥門，可接通或截?cái)嗔黧w的信道。閘閥流動(dòng)阻力小，啟閉省力，廣泛用于各種介質(zhì)管道的啟閉。當(dāng)閘閥部分開啟時(shí)，在閘板背后產(chǎn)生渦流，易引起閘板侵蝕和振動(dòng)，也易損壞閥座的密封面，修理困難。因此，閘閥一般不作節(jié)流用。

　　Gate valve refers to a valve whose opening and closing body (gate) is driven by the valve stem and moves up and down along the sealing surface of the valve seat, which can connect or cut off the passage of fluid. Gate valves have low flow resistance, easy opening and closing, and are widely used for opening and closing various medium pipelines. When the gate valve is partially opened, eddy currents are generated behind the gate plate, which can easily cause erosion and vibration of the gate plate, as well as damage the sealing surface of the valve seat, making repair difficult. Therefore, gate valves are generally not used for throttling purposes.

　　1、閘閥的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：

　　1. The structural characteristics of gate valves:

　　閘閥由下閥體、上閥蓋、閘板、閥桿、手輪、密封圈等零件組成。

　　A gate valve consists of lower valve body, upper valve cover, gate plate, valve stem, handwheel, sealing ring and other components.

　?。?）閘板：分為楔式剛性單閘板、楔式彈性單閘板、楔式雙閘板、雙閘板等

　　(1) Gate: divided into wedge-shaped rigid single gate, wedge-shaped elastic single gate, wedge-shaped double gate, double gate, etc

　　（2）閥桿：分明桿和暗桿。明桿是閥桿隨閘板開啟或關(guān)閉而升降；暗桿是閥桿隨閘板啟閉只是旋轉(zhuǎn)升降，閥桿位置無變化。

　　(2) Valve stem: distinct stem and concealed stem. The open stem is the valve stem that rises and falls with the opening or closing of the gate; The hidden stem is a valve stem that rotates and lifts with the opening and closing of the gate, and the position of the valve stem remains unchanged.

　?。?）小直徑的閘閥一般為手動(dòng)，大直徑的閘閥可為正齒輪傳動(dòng)或電動(dòng)機(jī)傳動(dòng)。

　　(3) Small diameter gate valves are generally manually operated, while large diameter gate valves can be driven by spur gears or electric motors.

　　2．閘閥的應(yīng)用范圍：

　　2. Application scope of gate valve:

　　灰鑄鐵和球鑄鐵閘閥的參數(shù)范圍：

　　The parameter range of gray cast iron and ductile iron gate valves:

　　公稱壓力 PN0.1~4.0Mpa；

　　Nominal pressure PN0.1~4.0Mpa;

　　公稱直徑 DN50~1800mm；

　　Nominal diameter DN50~1800mm;

　　連接形式 法蘭連接

　　Connection form: flange connection

　　鋼制閘閥的參數(shù)范圍：

　　The parameter range of steel gate valve:

　　公稱壓力 PN0.1~4.0Mpa；

　　Nominal pressure PN0.1~4.0Mpa;

　　公稱直徑 DN50~1800mm；

　　Nominal diameter DN50~1800mm;

　　連接形式 法蘭連接

　　Connection form: flange connection

　　3、注意事項(xiàng)：

　　3. Attention:

　　1)不宜用以調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)壓力和流量；

　　1) Not suitable for regulating medium pressure and flow rate;

　　2)適用于結(jié)焦場合，但彈性閘板和雙閘板閘閥不宜應(yīng)用；

　　2) Suitable for coking applications, but elastic gate valves and double gate valves are not suitable for use;

　　3)大口徑或高壓閘閥，可安裝旁通閥以減小主閘閥啟閉力矩；

　　3) Large caliber or high-pressure gate valves can be equipped with bypass valves to reduce the opening and closing torque of the main gate valve;

　　4)對于密封性能要求很高的場合，閥桿應(yīng)采用波紋管密封；

　　4) For situations where high sealing performance is required, the valve stem should be sealed with a corrugated pipe;

　　4、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：

　　4. Advantages and disadvantages:

　　優(yōu)點(diǎn)：流動(dòng)阻力小，介質(zhì)流動(dòng)方向不受限制，閥件安裝長度較小。

　　Advantages: Low flow resistance, unrestricted flow direction of medium, and shorter installation length of valve components.

　　缺點(diǎn)：閘板及密封面易被擦傷，密封面檢修困難，閥門安裝空間高度要求大。

　　Disadvantages: The gate and sealing surface are prone to scratches, the sealing surface is difficult to maintain, and the installation space and height requirements for the valve are high.

　　5、常見故障及處理：

　　5. Common faults and solutions:

　?。?）盤根外漏：一般處理方法緊壓蓋或停氣更換盤根。

　　(1) External leakage of packing: The general treatment method is to tighten the packing or replace the packing by stopping the air supply.

　?。?）油杯外漏處理方法：

　　(2) Oil cup leakage treatment method:

　　a、油杯絲扣處漏－－緊油杯或停氣重新安裝油杯。

　　a、 Leakage at the screw thread of the oil cup - tighten the oil cup or stop the gas and reinstall the oil cup.

　　b、油杯口漏－－注脂或更換油杯。

　　b、 Oil cup leakage - grease or replace the oil cup.

　?。?）手輪過緊處理方法：加注潤滑油、更換盤根清潔軸桿

　　(3) Handwheel tightening treatment method: Add lubricating oil, replace the packing, clean the shaft

　?。?）內(nèi)漏處理方法：排污、修復(fù)閘板

　　(4) Internal leakage treatment method: discharge, repair gate

　　6、日常維護(hù)：清潔、盤車、排污、加潤滑油、注脂

　　6. Daily maintenance: cleaning, turning, draining, adding lubricating oil, and greasing

　　(二)、截止閥和節(jié)流閥：

　　（2） Globe valve and throttle valve:

　　截止閥和節(jié)流閥都是向下閉合式閥門，啟閉件(閥瓣)由閥桿帶動(dòng)、沿閥閥座(密封面)軸線作升降運(yùn)動(dòng)的閥門。截止閥與節(jié)流閥的結(jié)構(gòu)基本相同，只是閥瓣形狀不同。截止閥的閥瓣為盤形閥瓣；節(jié)流閥的閥瓣為多為圓錐流線型，特別適用于節(jié)流，可以改變信道截面積，用以調(diào)節(jié)流量或壓力。

　　Both globe valves and throttle valves are downward closing valves, and the opening and closing components (valve discs) are driven by the valve stem and move up and down along the axis of the valve seat (sealing surface). The structure of globe valve and throttle valve is basically the same, except for the shape of the valve disc. The valve disc of the globe valve is a disc-shaped valve disc; The valve disc of a throttle valve is mostly conical and streamlined, which is particularly suitable for throttling. It can change the cross-sectional area of the channel to regulate flow or pressure.

　　1、 截止閥和節(jié)流閥結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：

　　1. Structural characteristics of globe valve and throttle valve:

　　主要由閥體、閥蓋、閥桿、閥瓣和手輪等組成。

　　It is mainly composed of valve body, valve cover, valve stem, valve disc, and handwheel.

　　截止閥優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：

　　Advantages and disadvantages of globe valves:

　　優(yōu)點(diǎn)：密封性較好，密封面摩擦

　　Advantages: Good sealing performance, friction on the sealing surface

　　現(xiàn)象不嚴(yán)重，檢修較方便，開啟高

　　The phenomenon is not serious, the maintenance is relatively convenient, and the opening is high

　　度小，可以適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)節(jié)流量。

　　The degree is small, and the flow can be adjusted appropriately.

　　缺點(diǎn)：介質(zhì)流動(dòng)阻力大，結(jié)構(gòu)長度

　　Disadvantages: High flow resistance of the medium, structural length

　　較大，啟閉力較大。

　　Larger, with greater opening and closing force.

　　2、 注意事項(xiàng)：

　　2. Attention:

　　1)、截止閥不宜用來調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)的壓力或流量。經(jīng)常需要調(diào)節(jié)壓力或流量的部位應(yīng)選用節(jié)流閥；

　　1) Globe valves should not be used to regulate the pressure or flow rate of the medium. Throttle valves should be selected for parts that often require pressure or flow regulation;

　　2)、直通式和直流式的截止閥、節(jié)流閥可安裝在水平或垂直相交的管道上，角式截止閥和節(jié)流閥需安裝在垂直相交的管道上，安裝時(shí)要注意閥體的指示方向與介質(zhì)的流向一致；

　　2) Straight through and direct flow globe valves and throttling valves can be installed on horizontally or vertically intersecting pipelines, while angle globe valves and throttling valves need to be installed on vertically intersecting pipelines. When installing, attention should be paid to the direction of the valve body indication being consistent with the flow direction of the medium;

　　3)、流體向上流過閥座，閥座上有沉積物時(shí)影響嚴(yán)密性，因此一般不宜用于有懸浮固體的流體；

　　3) When the fluid flows upward through the valve seat and there is sediment on the valve seat, it affects the tightness, so it is generally not suitable for fluids with suspended solids;

　　3、 故障及處理

　　3. Malfunctions and Handling

　?。?）盤根外漏 緊壓蓋或停氣更換

　　(1) Tighten the gland or replace it with a gas stop due to leakage outside the packing

　?。?）手輪過緊 松壓蓋或更換盤根

　　(2) Tighten the handwheel, loosen the cover or replace the packing

　　（3）內(nèi)漏 清潔、修復(fù)密封面

　　(3) Internal leakage cleaning and repair of sealing surface

　　4、日常維護(hù)：清潔、盤車、加潤滑油

　　4. Daily maintenance: cleaning, turning, adding lubricating oil

　　(三)、旋塞閥

　?。?） Plug valve

　　旋塞閥是一種結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單的閥門，流體直流通過，阻力降小、啟閉方便、迅速。

　　Plug valve is a type of valve with a relatively simple structure, allowing fluid to pass through directly, reducing resistance, making opening and closing convenient and rapid.

　　1、 結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：旋塞閥的啟閉件成柱塞狀，通過旋轉(zhuǎn)90度使閥塞的接口與閥體接口相合或分開。旋塞閥主要由閥體、塞子、填料壓蓋組成。

　　1. Structural features: The opening and closing parts of the plug valve are in the shape of a plunger, and the interface of the valve plug and the valve body interface are matched or separated by rotating 90 degrees. A plug valve is mainly composed of a valve body, a plug, and a packing gland.

　　2、注意事項(xiàng)：

　　2. Attention:

　　1)、直通式旋塞閥多用于截?cái)嘟橘|(zhì)流動(dòng)，也可以用于調(diào)節(jié)介質(zhì)流量或壓力；

　　1) Straight through plug valves are commonly used to cut off the flow of media and can also be used to regulate the flow rate or pressure of media;

　　2)、三通旋塞和四通旋塞多用于改變介質(zhì)流動(dòng)方向或進(jìn)行介質(zhì)分配；

　　2) Three way and four-way plugs are commonly used to change the direction of medium flow or distribute medium;

　　3)、旋塞閥可水平安裝，也可垂直安裝，介質(zhì)流向不受限制；

　　3) The plug valve can be installed horizontally or vertically, and the flow direction of the medium is not restricted;

　　4)、旋塞配上電動(dòng)、液動(dòng)或氣動(dòng)操作機(jī)構(gòu)，可以進(jìn)行遙控或自控。

　　4) The plug can be equipped with an electric, hydraulic or pneumatic operating mechanism for remote control or self-control.

　　3、常見故障及處理：

　　3. Common faults and solutions:

　?。?）油杯外漏

　　(1) Oil cup leakage outside

　　a、油杯絲扣處漏－－緊油杯

　　a、 Leakage at the thread of the oil cup - tighten the oil cup tightly

　　b、油杯口漏－－注脂；更換油杯

　　b、 Oil cup leakage - grease injection; Replace the oil cup

　?。?）手輪過緊－－注油潤滑；放空、解拆閥體下部，調(diào)節(jié)頂絲位移

　　(2) Hand wheel too tight - lubricate with oil; Empty and disassemble the lower part of the valve body, adjust the displacement of the top screw

　?。?）內(nèi)漏－－注密封脂，修復(fù)密封面

　　(3) Internal leakage - inject sealing grease and repair the sealing surface

　　4、日常維護(hù)：清潔、盤車、加潤滑油、注脂

　　4. Daily maintenance: cleaning, turning, adding lubricating oil, and greasing

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